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 ====== Fraternities ======
-Fraternities, also called Greek Letter Organizations, Greek Life and Secret Societies, are male-only social organizations at colleges and universities. (For all-female Greek organizations, see [[sororities|Sororities]].) Their primary purposes are often stated as the development of character, literary or leadership ability, or a more simple social purpose, rather than a profession. Individual fraternities vary in organization and purpose, but most share elements such as rituals, member selection processes called rushing and pledging, and a campus residential property open only to chapter members.
+Described as "the bones and sinews of the College," ((Trinity Tablet, June 28, 1879)) fraternities, also called Greek Letter Organizations or Greek Life, are male-only social organizations at colleges and universities. (For all-female Greek organizations, see [[sororities|Sororities]].) Their primary purposes are often stated as the development of character, literary or leadership ability, or a more simple social purpose, rather than a profession. Individual fraternities vary in organization and purpose, but most share elements such as rituals, member selection processes called rushing and pledging, and a campus residential property open only to chapter members.
-During the late 18th and early 19th century, college organizations were often called "literary societies" for the purposes of literary, historical, political, and philosophical discussion and debate outside of regular classes. Eventually, the more formal literary organizations gave way to "secret societies," the earliest precursor to fraternities as they are known today.
-The first collegiate secret society recorded in North America is that of the F.H.C. Society, established on November 11, 1750, at the College of William & Mary. Though the letters stand for a Latin phrase (likely "Fraternitas, Humanitas, et Cognitio"), the society is informally and publicly referred to as the "Flat Hat Club" due to the mortarboard its members wore. The second-oldest Latin-letter society, the P.D.A. Society ("Please Don't Ask"), in 1776 refused entry to John Heath, then a student at the college; rebuffed, he in the same year established the first Greek-letter secret society at the college, **Phi Beta Kappa,** modeling it on the two older societies. It established the precedent for naming American college societies after the initial letters of a secret Greek motto, and is considered the "first" fraternity founded in the United States. The Phi Beta Kappa society had a rudimentary initiation and maintained an uncertain level of secrecy. Those secrets were exposed in the mid-1830s by students at Harvard University acting under the patronage of John Quincy Adams. Since the 1840s, Phi Beta Kappa has operated openly as an academic honor society.
-There is no strict rule on the categorization of secret societies. Secret societies can have ceremonial initiations, secret signs of recognition (initiation, gestures, handshakes, passwords, necklaces, symbols, badges), formal secrets (the 'true' name of the society, a motto, or society history); but college fraternities or "social fraternities" have the same.
+During the late 18th and early 19th century, college organizations were often called "literary societies" for the purposes of literary, historical, political, and philosophical discussion and debate outside of regular classes. Eventually, the more formal literary organizations gave way to "[[secret_societies|secret societies]]," the earliest precursor to fraternities as they are known today.
-===== History of Fraternities at Trinity =====
+Trinity's oldest fraternities were originally formed as secret societies beginning in the 1820s. Membership was small, kept to about six students per year, and there is much overlap and/or evolution between true "Secret Societies" and contemporary fraternities, including Greek letter naming, mottos, symbols, membership houses, and initiations.
-Trinity's oldest fraternities were originally formed as secret societies beginning in the 1820s. Membership was small, kept to about six students per year, and there is much overlap and/or evolution between true "Secret Societies" and contemporary fraternities, including Greek letter naming, mottos, symbols, membership houses, and initiations. Other older, miscellaneous and strange organizations cropped up irregularly throughout Trinity's history, especially during the 1870s-1890s. Today, there are only one or two true secret societies on campus.
+[{{ :fraternity.jpg?400|Members of Psi Upsilon outside their fraternity house, ca. 1950. Photo Credit: [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.34796120|Trinity College Archives]]}}]
-Fraternities became a dominating force on Trinity's campus after the [[civil_war|Civil War]]; by 1851, all but two of the twenty-two graduates belonged to one of the four fraternities. Due to their rising popularity, the two oldest campus organizations, the literary societies [[parthenon|The Parthenon]] and [[athenaeum|The Athenaeum]], were disbanded in 1870. Beginning in the 1850s, debate and declamation were falling out of fashion for students, and as Trinity's curriculum became more robust, there was no longer a need for extra scholarship outside classes. "The fraternities were totally extracurricular...[they] offered an escape from the monotony, dreariness, and unpleasantness of the collegiate regiment." ((Weaver, p. 107)) Some fraternities, however, such as Phi Beta Kappa and Kappa Beta Phi still delivered orations or read poetry.
+Fraternities became a dominating force on Trinity's campus after the [[civil_war|Civil War]]. "The fraternities were totally extracurricular...[they] offered an escape from the monotony, dreariness, and unpleasantness of the collegiate regimen." ((Weaver, p. 107)) ((Rudolph, p. 140)) By 1851, all but two of the twenty-two graduates belonged to one of the four fraternities (then-called secret societies). At the same time, debate and declamation were falling out of fashion for students, and as Trinity's curriculum became more robust, there was no longer a need for extra scholarship outside classes. Some fraternities, however, such as Phi Beta Kappa and Kappa Beta Phi still delivered orations or read poetry. As the fraternities rose in fashion, the literary societies [[parthenon|The Parthenon]] and [[athenaeum|The Athenaeum]] were disbanded in 1870.
 In the 1870s, known throughout the country as the "Golden Age of Fraternities," the organizations became associated with competitive rushing and existing predominantly as social organizations to encourage close bonds between members past and present. These bonds were enforced by rituals such as rushing, pledging and initiation, common purpose, secret handshakes, symbols, and mottos. These fraternities represented the intersection of dining clubs, literary societies, and secret societies.
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 The 13 organizations are overseen by an Inter-Greek Council, made up of representatives from each of the houses.
+Trinity's fraternities, past and present, are listed under their current names. Active and current organizations are notated.
-Below, find a list of Trinity's "Secret Societies" in order of their founding. Some of these organizations are cross-listed under "Fraternities." Trinity was also home to a number of "Miscellaneous organizations" which, for ease of research, are included under Secret Societies, as they often included strange language, mottos, symbols, and mysterious origins.
-Trinity's fraternities, past and present, are listed under their most recent names. Active and current organizations are notated.
 ----
-===== Trinity Secret Societies =====
-[{{ :popaipaig2.png?400|One of Trinity's strangest organizations, Po Pai Paig, lists its current members in gibberish, only revealing their true names after graduation.}}]
-**Theta Beta Phi (1828)**
-An organization of primarily Southern students.
-**IKA (1829)**
-Motto: //Nemo me impune lacessit,// Latin for "No one assaults me with impunity"\\ As campus tradition holds, IKA was organized as the Corax Club in 1829, becoming IKA, the oldest local fraternity in the country, in 1832. It became the Sigma chapter of Delta Phi in 1917.
-**Phi Kappa Society (1832)**
-Motto: //DiChado//\\ A rival organization to IKA and possible reorganization of Theta Beta Phi; it was called the "Great Southern Society" on account of its large membership of southern students. Its membership was limited to seniors.
-**Delta Upsilon (1834) Anti-Secret Society**
-Motto: Οuδev αδηλov Δικαια Υπo Ογκγ\\ Symbols: Triangle and leaves
-**[[grand_tribunal|Grand Tribunal (1840)]]**
-A "prototype of student government," the Grand Tribunal was a Secret Society intent on keeping underclassmen behaving; it was a mock court that put students on trial for infractions.
-**Beta Beta - the Black Book (1842)**
-Motto: "procul o procul este profani," Latin for "Be far from the profane."\\ Literary as well as social, Beta Beta's stated purpose was the "promotion of scholarship and friendly relations." It became a chapter of Psi Upsilon in 1892.
-**Delta Kappa Epsilon (1844) Alpha Chi Chapter
-Motto: Κηςόθεν Φιλoιάει
-**Phi Beta Kappa, chapter (1845)**
-Founded by [[brocklesby_john|Professor John Brocklesby]], this was the first national fraternity organized on campus. It accepted only the highest third of the graduating class.
-**Delta Psi, Epsilon Chapter (1850)**
-Motto: ππγo
-**Po Pai Paig Association**
-This mysterious organization surfaced sometime before 1870 and disappeared during the 1880s. The Tablet refers to it as a "dread" which, in 1881 "issued its mystic manifesto, and the sophomores may soon expect a lively entertainment prepared for them."((Trinity Tablet, 10/01/1881)) Another Tablet describes it as a "grand institution" with initiations that included "an unexpected leap into a cold pool, or a headlong descent down some unforeseen embankment." ((Trinity Tablet, 10/28/1881))
 ===== Trinity Fraternities =====
 **Alpha Chi Rho (CROW) --active**
-The Phi Psi Chapter of Alpha Chi Rho, formed in 1895, is the only national fraternity to be //founded// at Trinity College. Its members are called "crows." The Reverend Paul Ziegler, Class of 1872, recommended his son Carl G. Ziegler, Class of 1896,and his friend as pledges to Psi Upsilon and they were rejected. As the elder Ziegler was an [[episcopal|Episcopal]] clergyman, Alpha Chi Rho was formed for moral and religious objectives, rather than purely social ones. Membership was "not denied by reason of race, color, or religion, but the Fraternity requires that its members look up to Jesus of Nazareth as their moral exemplar" (from the Alpha Chi Rho //Exoteric Manual//). The fraternity was founded in [[northam_towers|Northam]] 11.
+\\ The Phi Psi Chapter of Alpha Chi Rho, formed in 1895, is the only national fraternity to be //founded// at Trinity College. Its members are called "crows." The Reverend Paul Ziegler, Class of 1872, recommended his son Carl G. Ziegler, Class of 1896,and his friend as pledges to Psi Upsilon and they were rejected. As the elder Ziegler was an [[episcopal|Episcopal]] clergyman, Alpha Chi Rho was formed for moral and religious objectives, rather than purely social ones. Membership was "not denied by reason of race, color, or religion, but the Fraternity requires that its members look up to Jesus of Nazareth as their moral exemplar" (from the Alpha Chi Rho //Exoteric Manual//). The fraternity was founded in [[northam_towers|Northam]] 11.
 **Alpha Delta Phi (AD) --active**
-Originally known as **Phi Kappa Society (1832)**, which may have been a reorganization of Trinity's oldest fraternity, **Theta Beta Phi (1828)**, this fraternity was also known as the "Great Southern Society" due to a large number of Southern students who were members. **Phi Kappa**, a local fraternity, became the Phi Kappa chapter of Alpha Delta Phi in 1877. Located next to the [[cornelia_center|Cornelia Center]], it is the second-oldest fraternity on campus.
+\\ Originally known as **Phi Kappa Society (1832)**, which may have been a reorganization of Trinity's oldest fraternity, **Theta Beta Phi (1828)**, this fraternity was also known as the "Great Southern Society" due to a large number of Southern students who were members. **Phi Kappa**, a local fraternity, became the Phi Kappa chapter of Alpha Delta Phi in 1877. Located next to the [[cornelia_center|Cornelia Center]], it is the second-oldest fraternity on campus.
-**Alpha Epsilon Pi (AEPi) --active** AEPi was founded in 2016 by Aaron Kirshenberg '18 as a fraternity for Jewish men. Not everyone joining the organization must be Jewish, but they must understand and appreciate the culture of the organization.
+**Alpha Epsilon Pi (AEPi) --active**
+\\ AEPi was founded in 2016 by Aaron Kirshenberg '18 as a fraternity for Jewish men. Not everyone joining the organization must be Jewish, but they must understand and appreciate the culture of the organization.
 **Alpha Theta**
-Organized in 1952, the short-lived Alpha Theta disbanded in 1954 after unsuccessfully seeking national affiliation. It was known as "Trinity Commons Club" beginning in 1931.
+\\ Organized in 1952, the short-lived Alpha Theta disbanded in 1954 after unsuccessfully seeking national affiliation. It was known as "Trinity Commons Club" beginning in 1931.
 **Cleo Society of AX (CLEO) --active**
-Cleo was originally organized under the name **Clio Literary Society** in 1878 by students who were dissatisfied with the other four existing fraternities. It became the Alpha Chi Chapter of **Delta Kappa Epsilon (DEKE or DKE) in 1879.** DKE was the first College fraternity to admit women in 1969, and the members of the Alpha Chi Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon revived the Clio Society in 1983 in a move to "divorce itself from the national organization." In September 1990, DKE's charter was revoked when it refused "to comply with the international's demands that women no longer be fully initiated and allowed to hold offices." In response, students wrote letters pushing back against the discrimination, and affirming its commitment to coeducation. At the time, more than half its members were women. According to Cleo President Peter Alegi '92, "our twenty-three year co-educational status was so important to our very existence as a group that we became completely independent of (sexist and racist) DKE in the fall of 1990. We became a financially self-supporting, independent Greek organization (unlike all the other Trinity Greek organizations)."  The new separate organization was called Alpha Chi (AX). Kim Nuzum '91, an officer in AX stated,"We do not feel that we have lost anything. To comply with the international would contradict what our siblinghood represents. Instead, we are viewing this as a new beginning." Located at 98 [[vernon_street|Vernon Street]], CLEO is often referred to as “the siblinghood.”
+\\ Cleo was originally organized under the name **Clio Literary Society** in 1878 by students who were dissatisfied with the other four existing fraternities. It became the Alpha Chi Chapter of **Delta Kappa Epsilon (DEKE or DKE) in 1879.** DKE was the first College fraternity to admit women in 1969, and the members of the Alpha Chi Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon revived the Clio Society in 1983 in a move to "divorce itself from the national organization." In September 1990, DKE's charter was revoked when it refused "to comply with the international's demands that women no longer be fully initiated and allowed to hold offices." In response, students wrote letters pushing back against the discrimination, and affirming its commitment to coeducation. At the time, more than half its members were women. According to Cleo President Peter Alegi '92, "our twenty-three year co-educational status was so important to our very existence as a group that we became completely independent of (sexist and racist) DKE in the fall of 1990. We became a financially self-supporting, independent Greek organization (unlike all the other Trinity Greek organizations)."  The new separate organization was called Alpha Chi (AX). Kim Nuzum '91, an officer in AX stated,"We do not feel that we have lost anything. To comply with the international would contradict what our siblinghood represents. Instead, we are viewing this as a new beginning." Located at 98 [[vernon_street|Vernon Street]], CLEO is often referred to as “the siblinghood.”
 **Delta Phi (IKA or St. Elmo)**
-IKA or St. Elmo was founded a secret society in 1829, and is the oldest **local** fraternity in the nation. According to Robert Whaples, IKA was founded in 1829 as The Corax Club, which faculty recognized as a secret society and attempted to disband it. It was not until "1832 that champion and founder of the IKA, John Turner Wait, surrounded by men like Bayley, King, and Lambert, flung to the breeze the purple banner of the IKA. Wait says he but "took hold of something that already informally existed." ((Trinity Tripod, 11/16/1937)) The IKA chapter house at 70 Vernon Street, "St. Elmo's Hall," later the IKA Lodge, was designed by William Brocklesby, Class of 1869, and built in 1882. By 1888, IKA considered joining Delta Phi, an organization that it felt was most consistent with IKA's history, ideals, and traditions. However, it was not until 1917 that IKA became the Sigma Chapter of Delta Phi. The fraternity went dormant in the 1970s and was revived in 1982.
+\\ IKA or St. Elmo was founded a secret society in 1829, and is the oldest **local** fraternity in the nation. According to Robert Whaples, IKA was founded in 1829 as The Corax Club, which faculty recognized as a secret society and attempted to disband it. It was not until 1832 "that champion and founder of the IKA, John Turner Wait, surrounded by men like Bayley, King, and Lambert, flung to the breeze the purple banner of the IKA. Wait says he but 'took hold of something that already informally existed.'" ((Trinity Tripod, 11/16/1937)) The IKA chapter house at 70 Vernon Street, "St. Elmo's Hall," later the IKA Lodge, was designed by William Brocklesby, Class of 1869, and built in 1882. By 1888, IKA considered joining Delta Phi, an organization that it felt was most consistent with IKA's history, ideals, and traditions. However, it was not until 1917 that IKA became the Sigma Chapter of Delta Phi. The fraternity went dormant in the 1970s and was revived in 1982.
 **Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall) --suspended**
-Nicknamed "The Hall," the Epsilon Chapter of Delta Psi, organized in 1850, was the first instance of a national fraternity at Trinity College. For many years, it occupied space in downtown [[hartford|Hartford]]. After the move to the [[summit_campus|Summit Campus]], the fraternity occupied its new chapter house--[[st._anthony_hall|St. Anthony Hall]]--in 1877 and later, [[ogilby_hall|Ogilby Hall]]. This extraordinary building was funded by Robert H. Coleman, Class of 1877 and designed by [[cady_josiah_cleaveland|Josiah Cleaveland Cady]] Hon. M.A. 1880, Hon. LL.D. 1905, based on [[burges_william|William Burges]]' home in London. In September, 1984, members of St. Anthony Hall voted to become the second coeducational fraternity at Trinity. In July of 2023, the College suspended the Chapter for three years based on hazing practices. Students who were members of St. Anthony Hall during the suspension period were required to vacate Ogilby Hall and St. Anthony Hall and were forbidden from participating in any Greek Life activities. The three-year timeline "ensures that any Trinity student who was a member of St. Anthony Hall will graduate before the chapter is allowed to reactivate in 2026."
+\\ Nicknamed "The Hall," the Epsilon Chapter of Delta Psi, organized in 1850, was the first instance of a national fraternity at Trinity College. For many years, it occupied space in downtown [[hartford|Hartford]]. After the move to the [[summit_campus|Summit Campus]], the fraternity occupied its new chapter house--[[st._anthony_hall|St. Anthony Hall]]--in 1877 and later, [[ogilby_hall|Ogilby Hall]]. This extraordinary building was funded by Robert H. Coleman, Class of 1877 and designed by [[cady_josiah_cleaveland|Josiah Cleaveland Cady]] Hon. M.A. 1880, Hon. LL.D. 1905, based on [[burges_william|William Burges]]' home in London. In September 1984, members of St. Anthony Hall voted to become the second coeducational fraternity at Trinity. In July 2023, the College suspended the Chapter for three years based on hazing practices. Students who were members of St. Anthony Hall during the suspension period were required to vacate Ogilby Hall and St. Anthony Hall and were forbidden from participating in any Greek Life activities. The three-year timeline ensured "that any Trinity student who was a member of St. Anthony Hall will graduate before the chapter is allowed to reactivate in 2026."
 **Delta Upsilon**
-Trinity's fifth fraternity was organized as an "Anti-Secret Fraternity" in 1869, but by 1876 had disbanded.
+\\ Trinity's fifth fraternity was organized as an "Anti-Secret Fraternity" in 1869, but by 1876 had disbanded.
 **Kappa Beta Phi**
-Students organized the Alpha of Connecticut Chapter of Kappa Beta Phi in 1870. Originally comprised of juniors who stood at the bottom of their class, the Chapter's motto was "Probability the Guide of Life." The fraternity existed until 1938.
+\\ Students organized the Alpha of Connecticut Chapter of Kappa Beta Phi in 1870. Originally comprised of juniors who stood at the bottom of their class, the Chapter's motto was "Probability the Guide of Life." The fraternity existed until 1938.
 **Kappa Sigma (KAPPA SIG) --active**
-Founded in 2012, this fraternity recently moved into a house on Allen Place. Kappa Sigma is involved with the Fisher House Foundation, an organization committed to helping military families.
+\\ Founded in 2012, this fraternity recently moved into a house on Allen Place. Kappa Sigma is involved with the Fisher House Foundation, an organization committed to helping military families.
 **Latino America Unida, Lambda Alpha Upsilon, Inc. (LAU) --active**
-Chartered in 2005, the mission of Latino America Unida, Lambda Alpha Upsilon Fraternity, Inc. is to be a network of professionals that promotes brotherhood, scholarship, and service to the community. The fraternity promotes brotherhood by providing its members personal and professional support on an undergraduate and alumni level. Members pursue scholarship not only for professional advancement, but to attain personal growth. The brotherhood serves the community by sponsoring events which aid those in need, promote cultural awareness, and enrich the collegiate environment. Every member must continue to uphold the mission and goals of the fraternity, as they are the common values that distinguish members as Hermanos of Lambda Alpha Upsilon.
+\\ Chartered in 2005, the mission of Latino America Unida, Lambda Alpha Upsilon Fraternity, Inc. is to be a network of professionals that promotes brotherhood, scholarship, and service to the community. The fraternity promotes brotherhood by providing its members personal and professional support on an undergraduate and alumni level. Members pursue scholarship not only for professional advancement, but to attain personal growth. The brotherhood serves the community by sponsoring events which aid those in need, promote cultural awareness, and enrich the collegiate environment. Every member must continue to uphold the mission and goals of the fraternity, as they are the common values that distinguish members as Hermanos of Lambda Alpha Upsilon.
 **Lambda Theta Phi, Latin Fraternity, Inc.**
-The Psi Chapter of Lambda Theta Phi was founded during the fall semester of 1995 by three Trinity College students  who were searching for a brotherhood marked by unity, a feeling of family, an emphasis on leadership on a cultural, community, and collegiate level, and an organization with a history of achievement. Three young men, two of Puerto-Rican descent (Adrian Reyes and Fabian Rivera), and one of Ecuadorian descent (Waldir Alvarez), founded the fraternity’s fourth chapter in Connecticut. The fraternity seems to have existed until around 2020.
+\\ The Psi Chapter of Lambda Theta Phi was founded during the fall semester of 1995 by three Trinity College students  who were searching for a brotherhood marked by unity, a feeling of family, an emphasis on leadership on a cultural, community, and collegiate level, and an organization with a history of achievement. Three young men, two of Puerto-Rican descent (Adrian Reyes and Fabian Rivera), and one of Ecuadorian descent (Waldir Alvarez), founded the fraternity’s fourth chapter in Connecticut. The fraternity seems to have existed until around 2020.
+**Nu Lambda**
+\\ Originally founded as Phi Mu Delta ca. 1950s, this fraternity disbanded in the 1970s.
 **Phi Beta Kappa**
-Organized in 1845, Phi Beta Kappa was an "honor society" fraternity that admitted the upper third of the rising senior class. It became the object of parody when Kappa Beta Phi, the "dishonor society," was formed in 1870.
+\\ Organized in 1845, Phi Beta Kappa was an "honor society" fraternity that admitted the upper third of the rising senior class. It became the object of parody when Kappa Beta Phi, the "dishonor society," was formed in 1870.
 **Phi Gamma Delta**
-Trinity students organized the Tau Alpha Chapter of Phi Gamma Delta in 1893, which existed until 1922.
+\\ Trinity students organized the Tau Alpha Chapter of Phi Gamma Delta in 1893, which existed until 1922.
 **Phi Kappa Psi**
-The Kappa Psi chapter of Phi Kappa Psi received national affiliation in 1956, making it the 60th chapter of the 104-year-old fraternity. The 26 members moved into 118 Vernon Street, formerly occupied by Alpha Theta.
+\\ The Kappa Psi chapter of Phi Kappa Psi received national affiliation in 1956, making it the 60th chapter of the 104-year-old fraternity. The 26 members moved into 118 Vernon Street, formerly occupied by Alpha Theta.
 **Pi Kappa Alpha (PIKE) --active**
-In 1949, members of defunct chapters of **Phi Gamma Delta** and **Alpha Tau Kappa** formed a local fraternity called Tau Alpha which in 1953 became a chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha. Located on Vernon Street in a former Mayor of Hartford’s house, PIKE is dedicated to scholastic excellence, leadership opportunities, athletic competition, service to the community, success beyond the undergraduate years, and lifetime friendships. (See also [[pew_ends|Pew Ends]])
+\\ In 1949, members of defunct chapters of **Phi Gamma Delta** and **Alpha Tau Kappa** formed a local fraternity called Tau Alpha which in 1953 became a chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha. Located on Vernon Street in a former Mayor of Hartford’s house, PIKE is dedicated to scholastic excellence, leadership opportunities, athletic competition, service to the community, success beyond the undergraduate years, and lifetime friendships. (See also [[pew_ends|Pew Ends]])
 **Psi Upsilon (Psi U) --active**
-In 1843, Trinity students formed **Beta Beta**, or "Black Book Society," a literary and social organization which became the Beta Beta Chapter of Psi Upsilon in 1892. Psi U's chapter house is located at 81 Vernon Street, purchased in 1902, and is known on the campus as “the yellow house with the pillars.” Psi U members “aspire to moral, intellectual and social excellence in themselves as they seek to inspire these values in others.”
+\\ In 1843, Trinity students formed **Beta Beta**, or "Black Book Society," a literary and social organization which became the Beta Beta Chapter of Psi Upsilon in 1892. Psi U's chapter house is located at 81 Vernon Street, purchased in 1902, and is known on the campus as “the yellow house with the pillars.” Psi U members “aspire to moral, intellectual and social excellence in themselves as they seek to inspire these values in others.”
 **Sigma Alpha Epsilon**
-A chapter was organized in 1892, but was disbanded by 1900.
+\\ A chapter was organized in 1892, but was disbanded by 1900.
 **Sigma Nu**
-Originally formed as **Sigma Chi** in 1911, this fraternity became the Delta Chi Chapter of Sigma Nu in 1918. Between the 1990s and 2000s, Sigma Nu became known as Lockwood but has since dissolved.
+\\ Originally formed as **Sigma Chi** in 1911, this fraternity became the Delta Chi Chapter of Sigma Nu in 1918. Between the 1990s and 2000s, Sigma Nu became known as Lockwood but has since dissolved.
 **Sigma Pi Upsilon**
-The "Freshman Society" was organized in 1878 to great success. It lasted at least 10 years, and due to its popularity, it was rumored that the [[grand_tribunal|Grand Tribunal]] would take action to suppress it.
+\\ The "Freshman Society" was organized in 1878 to great success. It lasted at least 10 years, and due to its popularity, it was rumored that the [[grand_tribunal|Grand Tribunal]] would take action to suppress it.
 **Theta Xi**
-Undergraduates organized a chapter in 1948.
+\\ Undergraduates organized a chapter in 1948.
 ----
@@ Line 169: / Line 130: @@
 [[https://dsp.domains.trincoll.edu/TrinityAndSlavery/confederate-symbolism/|Trinity and Slavery - Confederate Symbolism]] (2019) by students in American Studies 406.
-[[https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=trinslavery|Confederate Symbolism at Trinity College]] (2019) by Tyler Hartmeyer.
+[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.39166763|Confederate Symbolism at Trinity College]] (2019) by Tyler Hartmeyer.
-[[https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4262&context=tripod|Trinity Tripod]], 10/26/2017.
+[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.30338920|Trinity Tripod]], 09/26/2017.
 [[https://tripod.domains.trincoll.edu/features/a-recap-of-the-greek-life-organizations-on-campus/|Trinity Tripod]], 10/18/2017.
@@ Line 190: / Line 151: @@
 [[https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/w_books/4/|History of Trinity College]] (1967) by Glenn Weaver, pp. 58-60.
+[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46nf7n.11?seq=11|The American College and University: A History]] (1990) by Frederick Rudolph, pp. 136-155.
 [[http://www.pikearchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/PKA_SD_1958_MAR.pdf|Shield and Diamond]], March 1958.