Hartford is the capital city of the state of Connecticut. Located centrally in the state on the vast Connecticut River, it is the home of Trinity College.

Hartford in 1877 with the proposed new Trinity College Summit Campus (top-left). Photo credit: Library of Congress.

Various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. These included the Podunks, mostly east of the Connecticut River; the Poquonocks, north and west of Hartford; the Massacoes, in the Granby-Simsbury area; the Tunxis tribe, in West Hartford and Farmington; the Wangunks, to the south; and the Saukiogs in Hartford itself. Saukiog, or as it is sometimes spelled, Sickaog or Suckiaug, was the Native American name for Hartford. ¹⁾

The first white explorers sailed the Connecticut River in 1614 under Dutch captain Adriaen Block. A group of Dutch settlers soon established a fort and trading post in 1620 at Saukiog that they called “Huys de Hoop” or “House of Hope.” This location is still known as Dutch Point today, and Huyshope Avenue still runs along the river.

Thomas Hooker, John Haynes, and a group of 100 followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony traveled to Connecticut using the Old Connecticut Path in 1635 to escape religious persecution. They formed a settlement slightly north of Huyshope and first named it Newtown, then later, Hartford.

Because it lay outside the authority of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Hartford assemblage needed its own authority to govern. In 1638, the General Court (legislative body), meeting in Hartford, adopted the Fundamental Orders, often described as America's first written constitution and the reason why Connecticut's official nickname is the Constitution State. The Orders, inspired in part by Hooker’s assertion in a sermon that “the foundation of authority is laid, firstly, in the free consent of the people,” set up an independent government and established Connecticut as a commonwealth. ²⁾

Connecticut was granted a Royal Charter in 1662 by King Charles II, which gave the colony an extraordinary ability to self-govern. After Charles' death, his brother King James II attempted to establish a Dominion of New England by retrieving all Royal Charters. He sent delegate Edmond Andros to Hartford to meet with Connecticut leaders and confiscate the charter, but according to legend, the Charter was spirited away and hidden in a large oak tree during the meeting. The tree was called the Charter Oak, a massive and ancient tree that stood on Charter Oak Avenue halfway between Main Street and Charter Oak Place, until it blew down in a storm on August 21, 1856. The Charter Oak remains an important symbol in Connecticut and reinforces the nickname “Constitution State.”

Over time, Hartford grew to be one of the most prosperous cities in the nation, and by the late-19th century, was the wealthiest city in the country. Hartford, which is known as the Insurance Capitol of the World, was also a hotbed of manufacturing and publishing during the 19th century, producing the following famous companies:

• Pratt and Whitney
• Colt Armory
• Sharps Rifle Manufacturing
• Weed Sewing Machines
• Royal and Underwood Typewriter Company (Hartford became the typewriter capitol of the world)
• Pope Automobiles
• Columbia Bicycles
• Lockwood & Case (formerly Tiffany & Case) Publishing
• The Connecticut (now Hartford) Courant, America's oldest newspaper
• The Hartford Times
• Hartford Machine Screw
• Aetna, Hartford, Cigna Insurance companies
• Department stores G. Fox & Co., Sage-Allen, Brown Thomson

In 1868, Mark Twain wrote that “Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see, [Hartford] is the chief.” Twain, along with author Harriet Beecher Stowe, resided in Hartford during the 19th century, and Colt Manufacturing Company became well-known across the world.

Hartford, however, suffered a steady decline in the 20th century, especially during the 1990s, due to a variety of factors, including a nationwide recession. In 1990, Hartford's poverty rate was 27.5 percent, one of the highest of any city in the country. At the same time, Hartford's population was declining rapidly (dropping over 11 percent between 1990-1994, the largest in the nation at that time); mainly white middle- and upper-class families were leaving, and with them went businesses and industry (such as iconic department stores), leaving behind a city that could not expand, that was growing poorer, and which could not attract visitors.

The 21st century has brought a new “huys de hoop” to Hartford: many projects and initiatives have been underway beginning in the 2000s that aim to revitalize the city by making it greener, more mobile, workable, and livable; by cultivating the arts; improving streetscapes; renovating and building new housing; improving parks and trails; and performing mobility studies. These initiatives support a City Plan to improve Hartford by 2035, its 400th birthday.

In 2002, the $770 million Adriaen’s Landing Project began. The project was slated to create a hotel, apartments, restaurants, shops, entertainment stops, a museum, and a large convention center. A now iconic part of the development project is the Connecticut Science Center, whose total revenue was over $10 million in 2017. This project, by 2030, is projected to have increased the personal income of Hartford residents by $77.80 million, the Gross State Product in Hartford county to $145.88 million, and the Hartford county population by 1,306. ³⁾

Hartford Mayor Luke A. Bronin said in his 2023 and final State of the City Address:

Hartford is strong because the people of Hartford are strong. The people of Hartford are courageous, resilient, creative, passionate and compassionate. The people of Hartford get knocked down, get back up, and then reach out to help others do the same. That’s true strength.

Trinity College Summit Campus with the Hartford Skyline in the background. Photo credit: Trinity College.

Trinity College has resided on two sites in Hartford during its history: the original campus on the current site of the Capitol building by Bushnell Park (1823-1878) and its current location on Summit Street (1878-present). Trinity acquired two satellite locations in Downtown Hartford in Constitution Plaza during the 2010s.

After its charter was granted on May 16, 1823, the Trinity Trustees had to decide which town would house the second college in Connecticut. They launched a fundraising campaign between New Haven, Middletown, and Hartford, in which Hartford pledged far more than the other towns. On May 6, 1824, Hartford was chosen, as the city's interest in the College was “most cordial.” ⁴⁾ A committee chose a piece of land in downtown Hartford along the Park River for the campus; the beloved and charming College Hill, which overlooked Bushnell Park and downtown Hartford, remained the site of the campus until 1878.

In 1872, Hartford offered to buy the College Hill tract so the city could build a new State Capitol building. The Trustees eventually agreed and in February 1873, selected a site on Summit Street by Zion Hill Cemetery for the new campus. The decision to move the College was a decidedly unpopular one among alumni, students, and faculty, who loved being so close to downtown and felt the southern Hartford location was inferior. However, President Abner Jackson had several reasons for selecting the site–“it was an expansive tract culminating on the west in a prominent ridge, one of the city's distinctive geologic points of interest, and known during the Revolutionary War as Gallows Hill.”

Trinity again looked to downtown Hartford as an ideal place to expand during the 21st century. In December 2017, Trinity College opened 10 Constitution Plaza, a space for its Liberal Arts Action Lab, a collaboration with Capital Community College to research and solve real-world problems. Trinity also acquired One Constitution Plaza for use as the Innovation Center, a collaboration with Infosys, which opened in February 2020.

During the bid for Trinity's site, Hartford residents promised to support the fledgling College if it would choose Hartford as its home. Much of the $50,000 raised for the College was contributed by citizens of Hartford. Since 1823, Trinity College has been intertwined with, yet dissonant from, the city. Davarian Baldwin's book In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower describes Trinity's “elite liberal arts world” as having an “ambivalent relationship with its location in the largely poor, brown capital city.” Throughout two centuries, Trinity has both embraced and pulled back from its community; it has begun and maintained many community engagement initiatives, and it has continually worked toward being a partner with, rather than isolating in, Hartford.

Glenn Weaver in the History of Trinity College described a “chasm which had always existed between the College community and the local citizenry,” which “widened” beginning in the 1850s, as Hartford's population boomed. He wrote, “The collegians had become spectators at, rather than participants in, the life of the city.”

The College sought to mend the “lack of rapport with the Hartford Community” by offering public lectures, which were poorly attended. Faculty seeking tax exemptions did not help matters, and “an examination of the campus life of the 1850s would more than suggest that life on College Hill went on almost oblivious of that of the bustling little city across the park.” ⁵⁾ The Hartford Courant, however, regularly published news on the College, including student events, new professorships, acquisitions for collections, and lectures.

At the same time, Trinity College remained small and the administration realized that Hartford families were sending their sons elsewhere. In December 1856, editorials began to appear in the Hartford Daily Courant written under the pen name “Justitia” (likely the College president) in a series called “Has the City of Hartford an Interest in Her Own College?” The series, which consisted of five articles, refuted several misconceptions or “objections” that Hartford families levied against Trinity: that Trinity was “sectarian,” that it was too small (which, Justitia argued, could be remedied if Hartford families would “send their sons to Trinity” instead of elsewhere), and that it was too young and therefore inferior to other institutions.

“At Hartford,” Justitia wrote, “almost every body that speaks or inquires about Trinity College calls it 'your College'–as though it were an intruder, as if it belonged to some other party, as if neither he nor the city had any proper interest in its welfare…Let Hartford people follow the example of other cities and, dropping their cold, repulsive 'your College,' learn to say 'Our College,' 'Our Own Trinity College.'” ⁶⁾ A “prosperous College” would “only contribute to [Hartford's] growth and prosperity, attract visitors and new residents, and would be “an important element in the reputation of a city.”

By the mid-1870s, students had grown to love their location in downtown Hartford and “although there had always been a certain amount of 'going on the town,'” the students of this era “regarded the social life and theatrical offerings of Hartford as an indispensable 'second curriculum,'” and “were at the theatre almost every night of the week.” ⁷⁾

Until 1873, Trinity College intended to stay on College Hill and grow: Master Plans from 1867 and later show the intended new construction to include a library and chapel buildings, among others. However, the City of Hartford sought the land to build a new State Capitol building. Though at first the Trustees refused, they eventually agreed to sell, and selected 80 acres of land on Summit Street's rocky ridge.

Baldwin views Trinity's move out of downtown Hartford to Summit Street as asserting its exclusivity by removing itself from the urban sprawl to a pastoral retreat: “this new rural location, outside the City, gave the school a physical profile that reinforced its place alongside other prestigious New England colleges.” This new profile may or may not have been intentional, as the Trustees were reluctant at first to move the campus and refused several offers for it. Students and alumni, as well as members of the public, were unhappy with the selection of the Rocky Hill site. The public felt that the College would now be inaccessible to them, while students and alumni felt the College would be too isolated, and now located among “Pigvilles,” or areas that were populated with poor, immigrants, and minorities. The Courant, meanwhile, said that “this movement of the College…creating a region of beauty and healthfulness, will give a great impulse to progress and improvement in that section of the city.” ⁸⁾

An anonymous author “X” wrote to the Courant that “in fixing the new site…the committee of the trustees have so wholly ignored the Hartford public that it might seem as if the latter had, or was expected to have, no interest in the matter.” Instead, the committee selected a site “as far removed as possible from a majority of inhabitants and not easy of access from any quarter.” This was to be a disadvantage, according to X, as now “students from a great portion of the city could be as conveniently sent to Yale or Harvard as to Trinity.” ⁹⁾ Another article, written by “Civis,” states that the public's opinions were divided according to their own preferences, and that upon looking at the College Catalogues, the number of students originating from Hartford was only about five percent.

Trinity became known as the “Hartford Local” at the turn of the century due to its efforts in supporting local Hartford residents. In 1905, the Board of Trustees voted to “admit without fee those Hartford Youths who could not otherwise attend college,” citing that the “College owed the City of Hartford something for its exemption from city taxes.” By 1918, about 50 percent of students came from Hartford: “this demographic shift posed a direct challenge to the more 'gentleman's country club' profile of the college. Becoming a commuter school endangered Trinity's desire to maintain the prestige of its liberal arts peers.” ¹⁰⁾

During Trinity's Centennial in 1923, the student senate introduced the Student Movement for Americanization at Trinity, which required all students to live in buildings “owned or controlled by the College.” At the same time, the alumni capped Hartford residents at 20 percent. “Trinity's Americanization policy lasted only two years, but it reflected higher education's continued desire to maintain an elite status by keeping the changing city at arm's length.” ¹¹⁾

In 1925, Trinity took great steps toward providing instruction to members of the Hartford community, in response to demand. Called “Extension studies,” these programs eventually developed into the graduate and summer studies courses. In 1919, Trinity entered into an arrangement with the Hillyer Institute, in which Trinity faculty would teach courses at the Hartford YMCA, but the program never went into effect. Instead, the College began offering courses to the Hartford school system teachers in 1925; the courses were taught at the undergraduate and graduate level, and in WWII it shifted from Hartford Public High School to the Trinity campus.

In 1928, President Remsen Brinckerhoff Ogilby announced a shift away from admitting Day Students from Hartford, increasing enrollment to 500 but capping the number of Hartford students at 125. And, concerned about the future of the fraternity system, alumni “canvassed the preparatory schools in the New York and Philadelphia areas, and among the increasing number of undergraduates there was soon to be found a proportionately larger number of men from the better preparatory schools.” ¹²⁾ The 1930s were “one of the College's most prosperous and progressive periods,” where it “regained its national clientele” and left the nickname “Hartford Local” behind.

In 1936, President Ogilby wrote in his annual report that Trinity was a Hartford attraction for tourists, particularly the Chapel, Chemistry Laboratories, and Natural History Museum, which was open to the public several days a week. “Through the years,” he wrote, “we have provided opportunity for higher education of a selected group of young men from this community, who perhaps for financial reasons would otherwise be unable to go to college.” He continued that the values and influence Trinity had over the city “should bulk large in the pride Hartford rightly takes in its college. We should bind the city to us with hoops of steel.”

In March 1936, the Connecticut River overflowed in a devastating flood. Trinity students quickly responded to the emergency and worked tirelessly for 10 days to provide relief alongside the Red Cross by evacuating victims, working in soup kitchens, collecting food, setting up shelters, sorting clothing donations, pumping out basements, and manning generators. In 1938, a severe hurricane flooded the river again and students rushed to assist as they had before.

Under President G. Keith Funston, the directive was that Trinity would serve the Hartford community by admitting Hartford men as undergraduates, expanding its extension and summer school programs, and taking “an even greater interest in the life and activities of the community.”

During the 1940s and 1950s, there was a shift in students' academic and professional pursuits: “business as a vocation had totally replaced the traditional 'learned professions'–law, medicine, and theology,” a turn that would have surprised earlier generations of alumni. As such, the College sought close partnerships and relationships with Hartford business and professional leaders; it hosted 150 Hartford-area business leaders at a dinner for Trinity's 130th anniversary. Among the partnerships, the Trinity College Associates was formed in 1954, and an intensive capital campaign in 1957 called “Program of Progress,” headed by Albert E. Holland '34, received overwhelming support from the Hartford community, nearly seven times more than a campaign 10 years earlier. This was proof to President Jacobs that “Trinity had 'finally become a vital part of the Hartford community.'”

Trinity College began seriously focusing on its relationship to Hartford and the neighborhood surrounding the College during the 1960s and 1970s, as many “increasingly thought of Trinity as an institution having, at best, little to do with the city.”

Interest in revitalizing the South End of Hartford began in earnest in 1959. Businesses and churches joined Trinity, Hartford Hospital, and the Institute of Living to form the Neighborhood of Planning Associates, Inc. The following year, the Trinity Associates announced that they had arranged for a study to be made of redevelopment possibilities, which was titled A Study of the Southside, Hartford, Connecticut (1961) by Stonorv & Haws.

In 1966, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was organized, which called for “undertaking community action projects in the North End” among other requests and changes to Trinity's curriculum. The student senate also requested that the Trustees consider courses in urban affairs, black history, poverty, and psychology of the ghetto, for expansion of the Education Department, and for community development efforts. A Committee of faculty and students determined that Trinity needed to establish a “Trinity Interaction Center” (TIC) which would “facilitate interaction among individuals and groups toward a viable society and creative community” in Trinity and Hartford.

In 1969, the administration established the Office of Community Affairs, with support from the Hartford Foundation for Public Giving, to develop community initiatives. These included recruiting students for volunteer and field service positions, creating community-oriented internships and semester opportunities, hosting summer recreation programs including athletic camps utilizing college facilities, and establishing an Urban Studies academic program. Trinity also received federal funding to participate in the Twin Valleys Upward Bound program, which lasted until the mid-1990s.

An academic task force in 1971 recommended improving academic and civic relations with Hartford by introducing an urban component to the curriculum, in which faculty lived in the immediate neighborhood and College facilities would be made accessible to the community. This was reinforced in the 1990s.

In 1978, Trinity College partnered with Hartford Hospital and the Institute of Living to form the Southside Institutions Neighborhood Alliance (SINA). SINA created a neighborhood newsletter called the Southside News which circulated biweekly, and established the Park Street Festival, Park Street merchants' organization, and Board Park Development Corporation, which purchased and rehabilitated low-income housing in order to make over 400 units available.

During the 1980s and 1990s, Trinity struggled alongside the City of Hartford through a recession and White Flight, in which “Frog Hollow's white population dropped in half while the Latinx community almost doubled in size. And 40 percent of the 15,000 residents lived below the poverty line.” ¹³⁾

At the same time, there were a rash of incidents involving Trinity students and Hartford residents, leading to high tensions and declining relationships. In 1986, Hartford resident Eric Malloy was invited to a Trinity party, after which he was assaulted by Trinity students and hospitalized with bruised ribs and a concussion. The assault led to varied opinions: that Trinity students needed to integrate with the Hartford community more and stop viewing their neighbors as outsiders, and that Trinity had plenty of opportunities for community engagement.

President Tom Gerety was inaugurated in 1989, during which he affirmed Trinity's commitment to Hartford, a city which “sustains and surrounds us in all that we do.” He promised to invest in housing and businesses, to create incentives for faculty and staff to live in Hartford, and to better integrate Trinity into the Hartford community by diversifying and improving the curriculum. Gerety immediately launched a strategic planning initiative which included “becoming 'more fully of this city,'” by “employing to greater advantage our institutional resources, and providing a range of services to, and opportunities for, our neighbors.” Part of this plan included the creation of the Cities Program, and “widespread inclusion of urban themes in courses.”

In 1994, the College petitioned the City of Hartford to close Vernon Street to the public by closing the intersection with Broad Street on the East side of Campus. The College cited concerns regarding “traffic safety,” as cars often used Vernon Street as a shortcut. Councilman Anthony DiPentima stated that “enrollment is down because of crime and perceptions of crime,” including gang violence and high-speed car chases through streets that directly crossed through or bordered the campus. The City agreed, and today Vernon Street ends in a cul-de-sac and iron fence, a move that was seen by some as isolationist, “signaling exclusivity and safety.”

Meanwhile, the neighborhood group Hartford Areas Rally Together (HART) began to partner with Trinity in areas that benefited both groups. Through a Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) grant, the leader of HART, Alta Lash, helped Trinity create the Trinity Center for Neighborhoods (TCN). “The college and its neighborhoods shared a mutual self-interest to clean up the streets and neutralize the violence, but [Lash] wanted to make sure that 'urban engagement' would address the needs of residents as much as bolster Trinity's brand.” ¹⁴⁾

The Learning Corridor under construction, 1998. Photo credit: Trinity College Archives.

In December 1994, Dr. Evan S. Dobelle was selected as Trinity's next President. Dobelle wanted to continue the community-building that had begun under Gerety. One of his first acts was reconverting the former President's House back to its original use; his predecessor had not lived on campus.

During the late 1990s, Trinity also began “an imaginative neighborhood revitalization effort supported by a pioneering private-public partnership between Trinity and its institutional neighbors, city, state, and federal government, foundations and corporations, and community and neighborhood groups,” a project that came to be known as The Learning Corridor. The initiative saw the transformation of a contaminated bus station (which Trinity had been attempting to acquire since the '60s) into elementary, middle, and high schools, a family resource center, and Boys & Girls Club (the first affiliated with a College or University) staffed by Trinity students. Groundbreaking for the Learning Corridor began on July 31, 1997. The Learning Corridor was part of a vision that Dobelle had called “Trinity Heights.”

Among other changes intended to bridge the campus with Hartford, the College's master plan included reopening Vernon Street as the main College entrance and “ceremonial front door,” as well as creating entrances at New Britain Avenue/Allen Place and Crescent Street/New Britain Avenue. Reopening Vernon Street would also connect Trinity with the Learning Corridor. However, the new entrances were never completed, and Dobelle departed Trinity in 2000.

Trinity's next administration sought to pivot away from or even halt the progress toward integration, despite a sharp decline in City violence: “Images of urban divestment didn't help Trinity's brand when potential students conflated poverty with crime.” According to Francisco Ortiz, the Director of Campus Safety in 2012, “there is a perception of high crime at Trinity, while the reality shows low numbers.” Several high-profile building projects, including the Crescent Street Townhouses (2010), displaced Hartford residents and eliminated the possibility of a 'bridge' to the neighborhood.

Students of Color (24 percent of the Class of 2016) found themselves the target of questioning or harassment “because of the racial assumptions about crime and danger.” As a result, they felt they always had to be “wearing Trinity apparel” to prove they were students and avoid profiling.

Baldwin's book challenges the idea that it is the Hartford community members that are the true threat to student safety–rather, that it is their peers, citing sexual assaults and hard drug use rampant on campus. In 2020, students launched Instagram Accounts @BlackatTrin and @TrinSurvivors, which detailed experiences of students of color facing micro- and macroaggressions, as well as students who survived sexual assault or harassment, in an attempt to alert the administration to systemic racial and sexual violence issues in campus culture.

President Joanne Berger-Sweeney was inaugurated in 2014 and looked to downtown Hartford as a way to engage with the city, purchasing One and 10 Constitution Plaza. Partnering with Capital Community College, Trinity opened the Liberal Arts Action Lab in December 2017, a program which engages students in real-world problem-solving alongside Capital students. The following year, Trinity partnered with Infosys and opened the Innovation Center, which will “develop new educational programs that prepare liberal arts students and Infosys employees for the changing digital workplace.” By opening these satellite locations, the College hopes students, faculty, and staff will engage more with Hartford and support its events, businesses, and spaces.

Trinity has established several programs to foster ties to the College's surrounding urban environment. Through a major grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Center for Urban and Global Studies (CUGS) was opened in 2007. Its academic programs include the Cities Program as well as Urban Studies major and minor. The College created a Center for Caribbean Studies in 2016, something that faculty member Pablo Delano and others advocated for almost 20 years. Co-directors Pablo Delano and Dario Euraque hope that the Center will form “a deep and reciprocal relationship with [Hartford's] Caribbean communities, one that is mutually beneficial and celebratory.” In 2023, Trinity announced a new graduate program in Urban Planning, the first at any Connecticut institution. Cross-listed with the Urban Studies Program, it features Hartford-centered as well as global city courses, hoping to “help address issues that cities face now and in the future.”

The Trinity College Strategic Plan, “Summit,” approved in 2017, includes Hartford as an important feature: the plan calls to “Redefine and recommit to Trinity’s role in advancing the Hartford region,” to “Articulate a vision for coordinated, enhanced community engagement and provide the resources and support for achieving it”; and with “surrounding neighborhood organizations and area institutions, advance or develop coordinated, sustained long-term partnerships that support urban solutions and local economic development”; and finally, “Effectively convey the story of Trinity’s relationship to Hartford with prospective students, alumni, local and regional public officials, and the national media.”

The Center for Hartford Engagement and Research (CHER) coordinates Trinity's five community engagement programs, which include the Liberal Arts Action Lab, Trinfo.Café, Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy Partnership, Community Service and Civic Engagement, and Community Learning initiatives.

In 2019, CHER conducted a survey of Hartford neighborhood residents and their perceptions of, and knowledge of, Trinity and its programming for the community. The takeaways show that many residents enjoy their community, they are aware of many of Trinity's offerings such as Trinfo.Café and Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy, but perceive the College campus as unwelcoming to non-students, or the school, albeit high quality, is “'for rich kids,' suggesting that it was not for the residents.” The report recommended investing in services like Trinfo.Café and the VITA tax clinic, as “access to technology and high-quality internet connectivity remain an issue in the neighborhood.” It is also recommended that Trinity communicate information regarding programs and services to the neighborhood in English and Spanish, and improve the property around its borders, such as bus stops, to expand partnerships with institutions that the neighborhood trusts, and work on making the campus more inclusive to the Hartford community, such as by hosting more events like Samba Fest and the Hip Hop Festival.

Baldwin wrote in 2021, “The school is now peeking out again from behind the gates. And Hartford residents continue to take pride in the fact that such an esteemed institution sits in their city.”

Trinity College celebrated its Bicentennial in 2023 with the theme, “Committed to the Future.”

List of Historical Connecticut Tribes

The History of Early Hartford

Hartford -- Connecticut History

Rediscovering the Old Connecticut Path

2023 State of the City Address (2023) by Luke Bronin.

In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower (2021) by Davarian L. Baldwin.

Hartford's Economic Woes of the 1990s (2020) by Kaitlynn Styles.

The Trinity Tripod, 11/6/2012.

The Trinity Tripod, 09/25/2012.

“TRINITY PRESSED TO BOOST SAFETY: STUDENTS, PARENTS STUNNED BY BRUTALITY OF ATTACK; ASSAULT ON STUDENT,” Hartford Courant, 3/6/2012.

“LOSING HOMES: TO ADD STUDENT HOUSING, TRINITY COLLEGE IS EVICTING FULL-TIME TENANTS,” Hartford Courant, 7/2/2010.

Escape from Connecticut's Cities (2001) by Bruce Katz.

Trinity College in the Twentieth Century (2000) by Peter and Anne Knapp, pp. 4, 15, 20, 31, 46-48, 76, 94, 119, 146, 164, 196-9, 223, 291, 298, 304, 331-2, 335, 342, 356, 385-6, 432-4, 487, 489, 490-1, 494, 499-500, 502, 506, 509-10.

“TRINITY OPENING ITS GATES TO CITY NEW ENTRANCES ARE PART OF $94 MILLION RENOVATION PLAN,” Hartford Courant, 11/21/1997.

“Trinity College Is Not a Fortress of Elitism in Hartford,” Hartford Courant, 10/18/1986.

“Time to Raze the Ivory Towers at Trinity,” Hartford Courant, 10/9/1986.

The History of Trinity College (1967) by Glenn Weaver, p. 251.